Pob Sba Guide for Description of Business Essay Example for Free

Pob Sba Guide for Description of Business Essay Main Objective of doing this SBA To give you an opportunity to apply the knowledge gained in the study of Principles of Business. 1. 2. How will this be done? The objective will be fulfilled through the examination of a designated business/firm. The data collection instruments will be the questionnaire and the interview. The information gathered will then be analysed and evaluated, with the aim of drawing specific conclusions about the firm. Our staff consists of twenty employees four of who are supervisors of the factory and three administrative staff responsible for accounting, billing and wages. A Production Manager is in charge of all production processes and the supervisors report to him. There is a Quality Control Supervisor who reports directly to the partners. An Inventory Manager is in charge of receiving, storage and issuance of raw materials as well as receipt, storage and distribution of the finished products with a staff of three assistants to help him. The functional areas of the business will include Purchasing/Logistics, Inventory Management, Production, Distribution and

Short Stories :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the two short stories, â€Å"The Free Radio† and â€Å"Everything Rises Must Converge,† the main characters of each story have to make many important decisions/choices. The choices that are made change how other characters see the main character as well as how they react to them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the short story, †The Free Radio,† by Salman Rushdie, Ram has many choices to make throughout the story. Ram who could have had anything in the world he wanted made many poor choices. Ram was the cutest guy in the town; he had everything going for him. Then he met the widow and her five children, and he also started hanging with the youth armbands, these people lead to the downfall of Ram. The radio represented a way for Ram to escape reality and when Ram didn’t get it he had to deal with all the negative choices he made. This is what hurt Ram because he had made so many negative choices in throughout the story. The theme of this story is to be happy in whatever you do and if your not you can always move to a new town and start over like Ram did. In the short story, â€Å"Everything That Rises Must Converge,† by Flanery O’Connor, Julian learns there are more people in this world other than himself. The way he learns this is by taking his over weight mother every Wednesday night to the Y so she could exercise. Julian’s mother is scared to go by herself because her town has become segregated. In the story there is an expensive hat that is wore by Julian’s mother. The mother was skeptical to wear it because she thought it was funny looking, but she wore it anyway. While on the bus to the Y a colored lady came on with a similar hat as Julian’s mothers. When Julian saw this he began to make fun of his mother because she had the same hat as a colored person.

World Health Organization Essay

Genetically modified food, also known as GM food refer to as animals or plants that had their genetic makeup altered to make them grow bigger, stay fresher and other benefits that will make human life more simple. The concept of genetically modified (GM) foods has existed for many years. Cross-breeding of plants, has been applied before with the purpose of transferring a desirable trait from one plant species to another. However, a substantial amount of time is required to obtain a specific result. This is because all of the genes are pooled together and numerous attempts are required for the production of offsprings with the preferred trait. Tomatoes are the first GM crop introduced to the world. Although genetically modified foods arises many concerns regarding its safety and consequences of consumption, the real question posed by the society is whether these GM foods should be banned for the benefit of mankind. Even if GM foods have been known to trigger allergic reactions and toxicities, is environmentally hazardous and costly, it should not be banned because it is confirmed to be beneficial to human health, environmentally friendly and able to improve the quality and quantity of life. This report is mainly focused on the benefits of GM food towards mankind. This is due to GM foods being present in almost all countries worldwide. Additionally, to fulfill ever-increasing needs of humans, conventional crops are genetically being replaced by GM crops. (World Health Organization) GM food brings many advantages to mankind. First of all, GM food that was engineered genetically is able to sustain favorable human health and enrich the wellbeing of its consumers. This is because it can remove the malnutrition problem faced by the current world and GM crops can be modified to become edible vaccines to reduce vulnerability towards diseases. Malnutrition problems can be solved by introducing GM foods enhanced with nutrition that humans are lacked of, such as vitamin D and iron that will cause rickets in children or osteoporosis in aged adults as well as iron deficiency. Susceptibility to a certain disease can be reduced if edible vaccines are added into the GM foods such as the GM banana. Hepatitis B can be prevented by eating such genetically modified bananas. Genetically modified foods can remove malnutrition problems faced by mankind today. Vitamins and minerals can be inserted into GM crops such as GM rice to make humans healthier. GM rice contains high amounts of Vitamin A compared to non-GM rice. The other malnutrition problem often faced by humans is iron deficiency. Approximately two billion people prove to be tested positive for iron deficiency. As such, researchers have invested in GM rice by intensifying the iron content in polished rice to solve the iron deficiency problem. The genes that were inserted into the GM foods have a positive effect on the accumulation of iron in the rice kernel that causes the GM rice to contain 6 times more iron compared to the original variety. Some GM crops are modified to become edible vaccines that can reinforce the immune system of humans. Some GM crops have been inserted with DNA sequences encoding for antibodies into their genome. This enables the crops to produce antibiotics in their cells. GM crops such as banana, tomato and potato have been altered to contain bacterial or rotavirus antigens. Large scaled immunizations can be made by introducing edible vaccines to patients, rendering the vaccinations of these diseases considerably easier, painless, and accessible. Per se, antibodies contained in such GM foods will be able to enhance the immune system of human bodies to combat against pathogens when consumed orally. Therefore, it will not be uncommon in the near future when humans can merely ingest GM tomatoes instead of waiting in line to see a doctor. (Galina 2006) Opponents of GM foods claim that GM foods are potentially risky to human health. They assert that GM foods will trigger an allergin in the human body should it be eaten. There is a possibility that a new allergen will be created and result in susceptible individuals exhibiting symptoms of allergic reactions when a foreign gene is introduced into a crop. GM foods are genetically engineered to have their allergenic-causing proteins to be removed. As such, they do not contain potentially harmful proteins as compared to non-GM foods such as peanuts, cereals and eggs. Producing hypoallergenic GM foods would be a desired commodity as these foods will possess the ability to notably decrease the danger of adverse reactions. (Union of Concerned Scientists 2009) One of the benefits introducing GM foods is that the plantation of GM crops is environmentally affable. Currently, our world is afflicted with the issue of pollution. To rectify this problem, GM crops are modified to resistance to insect and pest attack as well as to herbicides. Additionally, another process which is applied in an effort to make GM crops environmentally friendly is phytoremediation. Therefore, pollution can be greatly reduced and eventually be eliminated altogether. Phytoremediation is defined as the rectification of environmental issues through the usage of plants which alleviate the environmental problem without the need to relocate and dispose contaminant materials somewhere else. (World Health Organization 2002) With the population of the world growing substantially each year, significant amounts of stress are placed on resources of land fit for plantation, water, energy, as well as other biological reserves to supply sufficient food whilst sustaining the coherence of the ecosystem. Roughly 1 to 2 billion humans suffer from malnourishment, signifying a sign of scarce food supply, low incomes and sparse allocation of food supplies. Introduction of GM foods have greatly lessened the problem. GM crops are modified to produce greater amounts and increase the nutritional value in crop-derived foods. Substantial amounts of products are able to solve the world food crisis. Desperate pleas for richer, better-off countries to utilize genetic engineering in diminishing famines are a result of thousands losing their lives daily and millions on the verge of starvation. By revising the genetic make-up of plant strains, biotechnology will be able notably lessen world hunger. Crops can be engineered to resist diseases, resulting in the quantity of yield succumbing to disease to decrease. In another case, cold-resistant crops are able to benefit countries enduring from winter the whole year round. (Union of Concerned Scientists 2009) GM foods have raised much controversy in many nations throughout the world. People are still indecisive in their choice to consume products containing GM foods. It stands to be true that doubts concerning GM foods were widespread when first introduced to the public, but through many years of experimental analysis as well as safety tests, GM foods have been confirmed to be safe for human consumption with numerous benefits as a bonus. In fact, GM foods are essential now in resolving the crisis of hunger and scarcity of food around the world. Acceptance of GM foods are beginning to increase significantly over the years as more and more people are convinced of their benefits in terms of cost, health, and nature. (Galina 2006). Therefore, it cannot be denied that GM foods should be legalized for the benefit of mankind. As mentioned in the report, GM foods promote good human health, are environmentally friendly. Hence, it is irrefutable that its advantages totally outweigh its drawbacks and that GM foods are the way to go in ensuring a brighter future for us and for the whole world. Bibliography World Health Organization. (Internet). (2002). Foods derived from modern technology: 20 questions on genetically modified foods.(2012) Available from: http://www. who. int/foodsafety/publications/biotech/20questions/en/index. php Union of Concerned Scientists (2009). Failure to Yield: Biotechnology’s Broken Promises. Cambridge, MA, Union of Concerned Scientists. 2012. http://www. ucsusa. org/assets/documents/food_and_agriculture/failure-to-yield-brochure. pdf Gaivoronskaia, Galina (2006). Consumers with Allergic Reaction to Food: Perception of and Response to Food Risk in General and Genetically Modified Food in Particular. 2012. http://www. jstor. org/stable/29733966.

The Global Financial Crisis Of 2007-2008 - 1123 Words

The Global Financial Crisis of 2007-2008 is the worst financial crisis since the 1930’s The Great Depression (Reuters, 2009). Even if bailouts of banks by national governments prevented the collapse of major financial institutions, worldwide stock markets continued to drop. Evictions and foreclosures overwhelmed the housing market while severed unemployment embraced the labor market (Baily and Elliot, 2009). This global financial crisis was responsible for the decline in the consumers’ wealth, and contributed to the great recession and European debt-crisis (LA Times, 2012). Varying opinions have been suggested to address the origin of the global financial crisis including conflicting of interests, complicated financial instruments,†¦show more content†¦After the Russian debt crisis and the Asian financial crisis, massive credit availability existed, fueled by large inflows from Russia and Asia. The large transfers of foreign funds facilitated housing constructi on boom and promoted spending in consumer markets. With real estate, a bubble was also formed thanks to loose lending standards and rising real estate prices. This ensured fast obtainable loans for consumers, allowing unprecedented loan levels (Bernanke, 2009). Foreclosure became a desirable option when home prices started falling. Consumer’s wealth were drained and the strength of financial institutions were undermined. While the number of loans and defaults continued to increase, the crisis transmitted to other markets (IMF, 2009). On a bigger scale, financialization came into being: the state of financial institutions to expand while adding fragility. Deregulation and the importance of a shadow banking system was fully understood as a way to fund American economic credit (Geithner, 2008). Another reason for the global financial crisis is the activities of subprime lending. In order to please less qualified borrowers, mortgage lenders originated riskier mortgages while simultaneously relaxing underwriting standards. Combination of intense competition and shifting of power from securitizers to originators, steady mortgage standards declined and unstable loans skyrocketed rapidly (Simkovic, 2011). Major investment banks led the expansion of lending while

Persuasive Essay On Transgenders - 1524 Words

Female sports are being ruined, because males are identifying themselves as females and competing with an unfair advantage. The biological men are causing a big problem around the world. They are breaking records and winning competitions in wrestling, weightlifting, track, softball, volleyball, basketball, mixed martial arts, and more. Transgenders competing in women’s sports ask for equality, but it is proven that men are bigger and stronger than women, so they are making the sports unfair for the biologically born women. You are either born as a male or a female, with this being said, you get all the attributes that come with that. Everyone identified as a transgender needs to realize that they cannot change their sex. There have been†¦show more content†¦More hemoglobin allows the muscles to work harder for a longer period of time. The higher aerobic capacity, gives men the advantage over women when running events over 800 meters. Men also have longer and stronger bones, they are denser and have stronger ligaments, which make men less prone to injury. Longer bones allow for men to be taller and have greater leverage and because the bones are also stronger, they help support their larger body frame. This can be a huge advantage when competing in sports such as wrestling, weightlifting, football, and mixed martial arts. On another occasion of events a mixed martial arts competitor, claimed to be overpowered when she fought a transgender female. She announced that her opponent had a stronger grip that was beyond anything she had ever gone against. A male has bigger hands and shoulders, they are mechanically better, so they can throw harder and faster punches. The transgender managed to knock out the female within the first two minutes of the first round. I am not surprised as it is basically a man fighting a woman. Many times lawsuits are filed against organizations, because of their rules that don’t allow transgender women to play. A law suit was once filed against the International Women’s Football League, because a transgender was denied the right to play for them. The league will only accept biologically born female players, since they believe that Transgenders have an advantage. TheShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay On Transgender Women1891 Words   |  8 Pagesthan what a man would make. When it comes to transgender women the situations are much difficult and more complex. Conversely when people hear the term â€Å"transgender† some individuals have a lot to say and there’s many debates on this topic. Society does not believe that transgender women are defined as a woman. Every year the number of transgender women increases drastically and the suffrage they go through worsen as the days go by. 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The pronoun ‘hen’ can be used both generically, when gender is unknown or irrelevant, and as a transgender pronoun for people who categorize themselves outside the gender dichotomy. The aim is to enhance the language by making it easier to speak about a person without specifying their gender. Swedish speakers are trying to promote the use of ‘hen’ asRead MoreGender And Gender : A Sociolo gical Perspective On A Clearer Perception Of The Philosophy And Professional Objectives2099 Words   |  9 PagesThis essay explores gender in a clearer perception of the philosophy and professional objectives to develop a foundation for deeper analytical studies. The assumptions made that gender is biologically determined is rebutted when applied to the case of intersexuality and transgender. As gender is a prà ©cised ecclesiastical constructionist paradigm and while humans are born with a certain sex orientation, it does not determine the way one dresses or behaves (DeLamater19998, pp. 15-16). This essay thenRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesCommunication 341 †¢ Nonverbal Communication 341 Organizational Communication 342 Formal Small-Group Networks 343 †¢ The Grapevine 343 †¢ Electronic Communications 345 †¢ Managing Information 349 Choice of Comm unication Channel 350 xiv CONTENTS Persuasive Communications 351 Automatic and Controlled Processing 351 †¢ Interest Level 352 †¢ Prior Knowledge 352 †¢ Personality 352 †¢ Message Characteristics 352 Barriers to Effective Communication 353 Filtering 353 †¢ Selective Perception 353 †¢ Information

The Declaration Of Biafra Speech - 1428 Words

This Declaration of Biafra Speech as retrieved on 15 August 2008 raises the issue of ‘Self-Determination’. Self-determination is the principle in international law that allows nations the right to freely choose their sovereignty and international status without external interference. The right of nations to self-determination is a cardinal principle in modern international law, binding, as such, on the United Nations as an authoritative interpretation of the Charter’s norms. It states that nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and fair equity of opportunity have the right to freely choose their sovereignty and international political status with no external compulsion or interference which can be traced back to the†¦show more content†¦Further feelings of injustice were caused by Nigeria, changing its currency so that Biafra supplies of pre-war Nigerian currency were no longer honoured, at the end of the war; only  £20 was given to any easterner despite whatever amount of money he or she had in the bank. This was applied irrespective of their banking in pre-war Nigerian currency or Biafra currency. This was seen as a deliberate policy to hold back the Igbo middle class, leaving them with little wealth to expand their business interests. The total dead on the Biafra side is estimated to be between 1-3 million dead with hundreds of thousands injured and millions more refugees. While the Nigeria oil boom of the 1970 s went some way to ameliorating the pains brought about by the war, the ethnic tensions that caused the war still haunt Nigerian politics till today. The question is, ‘Why was Biafra denied their right to self-determination, bearing in mind that genocide existed then’? From 1999 to the present day, the indigenous people of Biafra have been agitating for independence to revive their country. They have registered a human rights organisation known as Bilie Human Rights Initiative both in Nigeria and in the United Nations to advocate for their right to self-determination and achieve independence by the rule of law. The United Nations respect the right of all peoples to choose the form of government under which they will live, and theyShow MoreRelatedEssay on Human Rights, War and Terrorism1226 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 provides for this right. The violation of this right goes unnoticed but it is the first step to the violation of the other rights. 2. The right to self-determination: This is the most controversial of all this rights. It is easier obtained with the support of super powers and readily crushed with the lack of consent from the super powers. The people of Bangladesh were given this right in 1971 and the Biafra people in NigeriaRead MoreLearning for the Cuban and Nigerian Revolution2010 Words   |  9 Pagesexpression, torture, and a laundry list of offenses, the Castro leadership continues to follow in the footsteps of their predecessor. Cuba is still held under close scrutiny by the international stage and though they have violated the Universal Declaration of Human Rights from the U.N, they potentially could alter their political climate to avoid future conflict. Cuba has a long history of corruption in its leadership from President Prio’s political factions, dictatorship from Batista, and now humanRead MoreHistory of Ife/Modekeke Crisis4543 Words   |  19 Pagespeople were often depicted with large heads because the artists believed that the Ase was held in the head, the Ase being the inner power and energy of a person. Their rulers were also often depicted with their mouths covered so that the power of their speech would not be too great. They did not idealize individual people, but they tended rather to idealize the office of the king. The city was a settlement of substantial size between the 9th and 12th centuries, with houses featuring potsherd pavements

Challenges of Canadian Pharmaceutical-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Write an Essay on Challenges of Canadian Pharmaceutical Policy. Answer: Canadian pharmaceutical policy involves both provincial and federal levels of Government. The federal Government is involved in the manufacturers intellectual property rights, initial approval, prescription drugs labeling and looking after the competitive nature of the overall market. The provincial government on the other hand has jurisdiction and responsibility of the healthcare facilities funding, including the pharmaceuticals (Daw Morgan, 2012). The federal government regulates the prices of drugs, but does not buy the drugs. The provincial government has no power over market pricing and competitiveness (Ridic, Gleason Ridic, 2012). However, one issue that is associated with pharmaceutical policies is the non-disclosure of payments to doctors by the drug or pharmaceutical companies (Stamatakis, Weiler Ioannidis, 2013). A lack of transparency was observed, when the pharmaceutical companies made payment disclosures. It is necessary for the federal government to take immediate responsibility of the issue and ask the companies to provide a list of the doctors who received payments from the drug companies and what were the amounts paid. This policy research essay will provide information about Canadian pharmaceutical policies and provide analysis of the above mentioned issue. This essay at first determine the history of the policy challenge, provide an overview of the current policies and provides recommendations from the research carried out. Pharmaceutical or drug companies develop relationships with physicians, doctors and other healthcare workers in order to generate business through them by utilization of a variety of processes (Bending, 2015). These include giving gifts, personal services, entertainment and even payments. These activities have a significant potential for generation of abuse and fraud (Mackey Liang, 2012). Moreover, the companies do not disclose these payments made to the doctors. Patients also remain in the dark about the illegal payments of pharmaceutical companies to doctors. This results in prescribing drugs by the doctors that are highly expensive and sometimes are not associated with proper approvals by the FDA (Choi, 2015). This affects the patients monetarily as well as unapproved drugs may cause harm to the patients in the long run. Moreover, a non-disclosure of such payments is considered unethical and also prevents the involvements of patients in clinical trials. There are a number of evidences that can be unearthed from the past regarding physician payments that are not disclosed by pharmaceutical companies. Both companies as well as medical practitioners believe that development of relationship between the medical professionals and pharmaceutical companies will help in the development of academic research. These academic research can later be translated into drug development (Board, 2012). However, various malpractices are carried out, where the drug companies pay the medical professionals like doctors but do not disclose these payments to the government and the public in general. A certain level of transparency is to be maintained so that the public also come to know about the dealings between these organizations. Previously, such events have taken place and are described here. In 1976, in Canada, there were reports of high costs related to pharmaceutical industry. Moreover, there were reports of pharmaceutical companies spending large amo unts of money not only on research but also on promotional activities, which included undisclosed payments to physicians. Various Canadian pharmaceutical companies who had provided payments to doctors included AbbVie Corp, GSK Canada, Merck Canada, Novartis Pharmaceutical Canada, Eli Lilly Canada, among others (A Almeman, 2017). Various psychiatrists like Charles Nemeroff and Alan Scatzberg were charged for taking undisclosed payments from various pharmaceutical companies. In April, 2011, Johnson and Johnson were charged of bribing doctors in Poland, Greece and Romania to buy the drugs manufactured by them. They spent 7.6 million dollars on providing travel grants for doctors. The company earned 3.5 million dollars profit from product sales through bribery (Www.sec.gov, 2017). Other incidents that occurred in the past include Eli Lilly, who was charged in 2012 of paying government officials in order to increase sales in China, Poland, Brazil and Russia. Others include Pfizer, charged for carrying out illegal payments in various Asian and European countries. In 2014, Endo Pharmaceuticals were charged for mis-promotion of Lidoderm, which is a local anesthetic. GlaxoSmithKline was also charged for selling drugs not approved by the FDA (Www.ipsen.com, 2017) Past approaches that were carried out to rectify the challenge faced in the health sectors included restriction of interactions between doctors and representatives of the pharmaceutical companies. Moreover, payments if made would have to be disclosed to the Government and reported. The aim of the approach was to prevent the pharmaceutical industry to modulate the prescribing behaviors of the doctors. In the 1960s, there were various debates regarding the appropriateness in the relationships of the pharmaceutical companies and doctors. In 1991, American Medical Association (AMA) issued various rules and guidelines regarding undisclosed payments and gifts that are given to clinicians, physicians and doctors by the pharmaceutical companies (Breault, Shenson Dugdale, 2015). From that time onwards, attention was paid to pharmaceutical marketing methods as a result of the rise of marketing strategies and increased drug prices. According to the AMA, gifts valued below 100 dollars are allow ed if they provide patient benefit and associated with a doctors practice. Moreover, meals can be funded to doctors by pharmaceutical companies if it is modest and is carried out in association with an educational or academic component (DuBois et al., 2012). The guidelines effective from 2009, also prevent non-educational or practice associated gifts like pens to be given to clinicians, physicians and doctors. However, the guidelines permitted the pharmaceutical companies to provide meals, educational gifts and drug samples which are less than 100 dollars to the doctors. The Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) endorsed policies that describe the public disclosure of relationships between pharmaceutical companies and doctors (Reddi, 2013). However, the limitations associated with these policies are that the AMA ethics guidelines are not followed by majority of the doctors. Moreover, according to the guidelines, the physicians can receive gifts that are worth less than 100 dollars. However, small value gifts can also influence the behavior practice of the physicians. Thus, the Government has to play an essential role in reducing such promotional marketing strategies used by the pharmaceutical companies. Improvements of payment transparency between clinicians and pharmaceutical companies have been a focus for the Government. The approaches used can be defined as disclosure of physician payments and gifts, ban on physician gifts, Limiting the sale of prescribing data for marketing purpose, licensing of pharmaceutical sales representatives and public funding of academic detailing programs(Patwardhan, 2016). Various state lawmakers have proposed numerous laws, which can be applied for reducing the effects of gifts or payments made by pharmaceutical organizations in the physicians practices. Thus, Government regulations provide a legal enforcement credibility that forces the pharmaceutical companies to comply with the Government regulations. However, there are limitations like the regulated organizations can find loopholes in the law and can flout them by challenging the validity of such enforcements. Current approaches that were carried out to rectify the challenge includes the involvement of the Securities and Exchange Commission, where the pharmaceutical companies involved in bribing doctors were asked to give detailed accounts of the payments made to the respective doctors. This information was asked to be provided in the company website. This will enable the public to view the dealings made between the pharmaceutical companies and the healthcare members like doctors, general practitioners, among others. In 2012, the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) demanded Medicines Australia to include payment disclosures involving doctors and pharmaceutical companies (Www.accc.gov.au, 2017). The respective transparency principle was applicable to all the therapeutic companies. Moreover, it also included the health professionals like clinicians, doctors, among others. Other approaches involve those made by the United States, like the US Physician Payment Sunshine Act, w hich requires various pharmaceutical companies to provide details of all the payments to the Centre for Medicare and Medical Services (CMS) (Www.ama-assn.org, 2017). Moreover, apart from payments, other transfers of high value like gifts or travel grants were also included. All the data collected were eventually be reported to the public to maintain transparency in the dealings of the pharmaceutical world. In Ontario Canada, the Government is planning to enforce rules and regulations that would force the pharmaceutical companies to disclose the payments made by them to the doctors. Other approaches of the current world include fines and criminal penalties, inclusion of tax policies, among others (Www.cbc.ca, 2017). Such a proposed legislation will enable the public including the patients to get proper information that would empower them to make better decisions regarding healthcare. It also enables patients to either accept or reject a prescribed drug and also change doctors if need ed. Moreover, a central online database will enable any person to view the dealings between medical organizations and pharmaceutical companies. Some regulatory strategies towards undisclosed payments involve command and control, self regulation, market enhancing and incentives control, disclosures and liabilities and rights laws. These help to either determine the offenders or impose penalties one caught. Command and control implies to criminal sanctions and states that such unofficial payments by pharmaceutical organizations to doctors and other healthcare facilities, are not acceptable and severe penalties are liable to be enforced if discovered. The relevance of the strategy towards healthcare sector involves standards of behaviour and other codes of conduct, which is to be followed to avoid criminal penalties. However, the limitation of this strategy is that the penalties function only when the incentives are sufficient and the enforcing of such strategy depends on the independence of the regulator. The next strategy is self-regulation, which involves regulations by professional medical associations. The relevance of thi s strategy is that the medical association itself designs some standards or codes of conduct which is to be followed by all members of that medical association. However, the limitations involve that the incentive should be high enough to implement possible penalties (Www.researchgate.net, 2017). Another strategy is the market enhancing and incentives controls, which provide appreciation and inducements when regulations and general codes of conducts are followed. are followed. This helps to legalize private practice by doctors. Legalization of private practice is one way of increasing competition in the health sectors as it provides a wide range of options for the patients to choose from. Moreover, it also opens up new income sources for the practitioners. This practice in turn will increase the benefits of the doctors and thereby prevent acceptance of unofficial payments. This strategy, however, has limited scope because the attention of the doctors will be shifted from the benefits of the public health sector to private practices for their own benefits. However, such a strategy can be applied to those health facilities, where the competitions are very weak (Mahmoud Mahmoud, 2016). The most important strategy is disclosure, which involves identifying the offenders involved in carrying out undisclosed payments. This puts pressure on the offenders as it affects the reputations of both the pharmaceutical companies and the doctors. Policy makers if disclose the names of the hospitals that are the best and worst with respect to following a code of conduct, those who are the worst will feel the pressure to improve their standards. It will also help to generate list of healthcare facilities like hospitals taking undisclosed payments. The importance of this approach is that public surveys can help to determine the amount of money paid and to whom and the necessary reasons for the payment. However, there are limitations of this strategy, which includes the acceptance of the public that payments are not beneficial. The public may think that good payments may increase their access to better doctors, or chance of getting good health facilities, which in turn can give rise to unofficial payments to doctors by patients themselves (Loewenstein, Sah Cain, 2012). Lastly, the right and liabilities law provides a standard code of law protected consumer or patient rights. This may in turn help to limit the requirements of unofficial payments. Thus, customer rights can be maintained by imposing civil action or criminal prosecution against those who do not follow the legal system. However, limitations of such a strategy involves that such a strategy places the responsibility of the regulation on an individual and not the organization in general. Moreover, in order to avoid getting criminally prosecuted, private settlements of unofficial payments will be more attractive (Jahangiri Aryankhesal, 2017). There are various means to obtain data regarding the pharmaceutical policy issues. The data was gathered by traditional means, which included interviews with patients, healthcare facility members like general practitioners, doctors, clinicians and also the pharmaceutical company representatives. Moreover, other means include government websites, which provide information about the amount of money paid by pharmaceutical organizations to healthcare workers like doctors. The pharmaceutical company websites also give information about how much money they have paid to the doctors. Moreover, by searching a doctors name, the websites provide information about the nature of the payments. The websites break down the payments into consulting fees, travel and stay expenses, research fees, foods, beverages and grants. Moreover, data can be obtained from government reports, news articles, literature reviews, and journal articles. Proper analysis of the data obtained from various resources revealed that a close relationship exists between doctors and pharmaceutical industries. These relationships are mainly based on finances. However, such payments are usually not official and are not disclosed. However, in the recent times, disclosures of these payments are carried out. These financial collaborations encompass research funding to personal investments, direct physician payments like travel grants, gifts, meals, among others. The organizations should remain transparent in order to provide the information about such dealings to the general public. Moreover, such malpractices reduce the credibility of both the medical organizations as well as that of the pharmaceutical companies. Various strategies have been implied by the Government, however, the companies find out various loop holes in the policies and guidelines thereby protecting themselves from criminal prosecutions. In the current age, drug companies who ar e found to be involved in such activities were charged. Moreover, recent reforms force the drug companies to disclose the payments in their annual reports or the websites. Such undisclosed payments are a type of marketing strategy that the companies adapt in order to make the physicians favor the prescription of the drugs made by the company. However, this may cause the patients to buy certain drugs, which are very expensive even though other cheaper and effective options are available in the market (Kalotra, 2014). Moreover, some companies try to promote the drugs, which have not been clinically approved by organizations like the FDA. These may have serious implications as use of such drugs may lead to serious health consequences concerning the health of patients. Such mal practices when discovered not only tarnishes the reputations of the companies and the medical organization but also the doctors in general. It also decreases the faith of the public including the patients in the healthcare system. The patients pay a huge amount of money, in not only doctor consultations and treatments but also to buy medicines, which are prescribed by doctors. It is necessary for bringing about new policies by the Governments as well as the medical organizations that define a series of code of conducts to be followed by the companies and the hospitals. A breach of such conduct should entitle to criminal prosecutions and legal actions. The Ontario Government has taken such a drastic step, where they have said that a bill will be generated that will require public disclosure of unofficial payments made to healthcare employees like doctors by the pharmaceutical companies. Thus, it can be concluded that curbing of financial dealings between companies and healthcare sectors are essential in order to prevent wastage of large amounts of money in promotional strategies. Such reforms may also help to decrease the costs of drugs in the future, which are at an ever-rising stage. References A Almeman, A. (2017).Direct-To-Physician Advertising and Antibiotic Utilization in Upper Respiratory Tract Infection: A Critical Analysis. Retrieved 2 November 2017, from https://www.omicsonline.org/direct-to-physician-advertising-and-antibiotic-utilization-in-upper-respiratory-tract-infection-a-critical-analysis-2153-2435.php?aid=16347view=mobile Bending, Z. J. (2015). 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